Reserve Reading
-state judges always seen as older, white males either kind or stern
-attourneys before judges-courts provide one of the most frequent connections between people and government
-courts effect everyday law and gender bias-viewed as defending minorities and women, both civil rights and women movements went to the courts
-judges can only make decisions on cases that are brought before them and are expected to be impartial but who the judge is can still affect the outcome-argue that judge benches should be diverse to represent diverse ideas
-Margaret Brent = first known woman practicing law in US in Maryland colonies in around 1638-didn't marry, held land, 124 cases, referred to as gentleman Margaret Brent
-Lusy Terry Prince = first woman to address Supreme court-women abolitionists linked to law and then suffrage
-many in west viewed women equally from the start of fronteir life-first women practice law as profession in Iowa in 1869
-Belle Babb Mansfield also from Iowa = first recognized attorney-Myra Colby Bradwell denied practicing law in Chicago after passing the bar and brought it to Supreme Court but she lost 8 -1
-Justice Bradley wrote the one concurrent view
-1882: Illinois let women be admitted to the bar but it was a state by state battle, with Georgia as the last state in 1916
-Equity Club = first national org for women lawyers in 1886
-Belva Lockwood = part who was 1st wmn to practice before Supreme Court
-1890: Equity Club disbanded with only 280 wmn practicing in the country
-Before 70's most women lawyers worked for the gov or for family issues
-women's mvement helped female law students as did depletion of men during vietnam
-1971: wmn = 9.4% of law students. 1981: wmn = 35.8%
-Now women make up 49% of law students
-2002: wmn = 29% of lawyers, more in gov then men but only 14.5% of partners in law firms
-wmn lawyers make less money and still suffer gender discrimination
-Esther Morris = 1st wmn as jurist in 1869: part time justice of peace
-Carrie Burnham Kilgore, 1st female grad of U of PA Law School appointed master in chancery in 1886
-Georgia Bullock on LA wmn court made for women to judge wmn and then moved up to superior court in LA in 1932
-Florence Allen = 1st wmn on federal bench in 1934 on US Court of Appeals
-Burnita Shelton Matthews in district court for DC by Pres Truman in 1949, worked with wmns parties after starting her own law practice and introduced original test for ERA
-Matthews only hire women as her law clerks
-Sarah Hughes appointed by JFK in 1961 + she swore in Johnson after JFK was assasinated
-Carter appointed 40 wmn to federal bench by looking at a wider range of candidates
-Reagan only 7.5% wmn while Carter 14.4% but then Bush 1 had 19.6% and clinton went to 28.5
-reagan focused on ideology while Clinton focused on diversity in judges
-George W Bush had 26.5% wmn
-Reagan appointed O'Connor as 1st female Supreme Court judge in 1981
-1993: Clinton appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg to S.C.
-Jan 2005: wmn = 28% of justices on state courts
-15 wmn serve as chief justices out of 52 seats
-justices in states usually either appointed or elected
-26 states have judges appointed by elections
-one idea: appointing judges depresses diversity because they look at conventional backgrounds or they could be better for women because people would look at their backgrounds
-states happy even with minimal gender represenstation
-in election scandidates stress professional experience and phiolsophy not gender
-the bigger the court, the more likely to have female rep
-wmn more likely to be in public sector prior to being judges
-recent guesses that 22% of state judges = female
-still gender bias in appointment of judges at all levels, focus on their apperance and personl life
-Carol Gilligans book focuses on womens voices, how men and wmn differ
-men tended to view morality in terms of fairness, concerned about individual rights
-wmn focus on caretakinh and look more at responsibilities in larger community
-young boys are more focused on the rules then girls, boys = competition, girls = cooperation
-men look for answer in existing rules whil women look for solutions to maintain relationships
-scholars work to connect Gilligan's theory to judge rulings
-scholars looked at O'Connor to see if she ruled differently, some said she did write with feminine view
-some times O'Connor looked at teh context and community over the individual
-some argue that she compromises from past experience not gender
-all studies found minimal difference between men and women's voices in the court
-originally women were actually harder on women then men were
-more female judges come and some differences are found, more liekyl to find sex discrimination
-O'Connor and Ginsburg wrote half of the majority opinions on wmns rights areas during their time and voted together on wmns rights cases 90% of the time
-found bigger diverse in party then in gender in MI study
-98% of wmn rudges believed that wmn brought difference to the bench and influenced male collegues on gender issues and their sensitivity
-law school and practice make a specific way of thinking that isn't gender biased
-the little difference means that hudges tend to look at the issues more no matter what their background is
-wmn sometimes face discrimination in the actual court room as clerks or attourneys
-wmn judges and attourneys more aware of the gender discrimination than males
-lead most states to create Gender Bias Task Force and adopted education programs
-in 90's backlash against Task Force lead some to believe it was actually working
-female judges still report some gender discrimination
-Justice Bradley wrote the one concurrent view
-1882: Illinois let women be admitted to the bar but it was a state by state battle, with Georgia as the last state in 1916
-Equity Club = first national org for women lawyers in 1886
-Belva Lockwood = part who was 1st wmn to practice before Supreme Court
-1890: Equity Club disbanded with only 280 wmn practicing in the country
-Before 70's most women lawyers worked for the gov or for family issues
-women's mvement helped female law students as did depletion of men during vietnam
-1971: wmn = 9.4% of law students. 1981: wmn = 35.8%
-Now women make up 49% of law students
-2002: wmn = 29% of lawyers, more in gov then men but only 14.5% of partners in law firms
-wmn lawyers make less money and still suffer gender discrimination
-Esther Morris = 1st wmn as jurist in 1869: part time justice of peace
-Carrie Burnham Kilgore, 1st female grad of U of PA Law School appointed master in chancery in 1886
-Georgia Bullock on LA wmn court made for women to judge wmn and then moved up to superior court in LA in 1932
-Florence Allen = 1st wmn on federal bench in 1934 on US Court of Appeals
-Burnita Shelton Matthews in district court for DC by Pres Truman in 1949, worked with wmns parties after starting her own law practice and introduced original test for ERA
-Matthews only hire women as her law clerks
-Sarah Hughes appointed by JFK in 1961 + she swore in Johnson after JFK was assasinated
-Carter appointed 40 wmn to federal bench by looking at a wider range of candidates
-Reagan only 7.5% wmn while Carter 14.4% but then Bush 1 had 19.6% and clinton went to 28.5
-reagan focused on ideology while Clinton focused on diversity in judges
-George W Bush had 26.5% wmn
-Reagan appointed O'Connor as 1st female Supreme Court judge in 1981
-1993: Clinton appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg to S.C.
-Jan 2005: wmn = 28% of justices on state courts
-15 wmn serve as chief justices out of 52 seats
-justices in states usually either appointed or elected
-26 states have judges appointed by elections
-one idea: appointing judges depresses diversity because they look at conventional backgrounds or they could be better for women because people would look at their backgrounds
-states happy even with minimal gender represenstation
-in election scandidates stress professional experience and phiolsophy not gender
-the bigger the court, the more likely to have female rep
-wmn more likely to be in public sector prior to being judges
-recent guesses that 22% of state judges = female
-still gender bias in appointment of judges at all levels, focus on their apperance and personl life
-Carol Gilligans book focuses on womens voices, how men and wmn differ
-men tended to view morality in terms of fairness, concerned about individual rights
-wmn focus on caretakinh and look more at responsibilities in larger community
-young boys are more focused on the rules then girls, boys = competition, girls = cooperation
-men look for answer in existing rules whil women look for solutions to maintain relationships
-scholars work to connect Gilligan's theory to judge rulings
-scholars looked at O'Connor to see if she ruled differently, some said she did write with feminine view
-some times O'Connor looked at teh context and community over the individual
-some argue that she compromises from past experience not gender
-all studies found minimal difference between men and women's voices in the court
-originally women were actually harder on women then men were
-more female judges come and some differences are found, more liekyl to find sex discrimination
-O'Connor and Ginsburg wrote half of the majority opinions on wmns rights areas during their time and voted together on wmns rights cases 90% of the time
-found bigger diverse in party then in gender in MI study
-98% of wmn rudges believed that wmn brought difference to the bench and influenced male collegues on gender issues and their sensitivity
-law school and practice make a specific way of thinking that isn't gender biased
-the little difference means that hudges tend to look at the issues more no matter what their background is
-wmn sometimes face discrimination in the actual court room as clerks or attourneys
-wmn judges and attourneys more aware of the gender discrimination than males
-lead most states to create Gender Bias Task Force and adopted education programs
-in 90's backlash against Task Force lead some to believe it was actually working
-female judges still report some gender discrimination
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