Textbook Reading
Nancy E. McGlen, Karen O'Connor, Laura can Assendelft, Wendy Gunther-Canada
-After suffrage poor women denied right to vote through poll taxes + unfairly administered literacy tests
-Negative cultural attitudes about women who participate in politics
-Women not prepared for political activity, discrimination of party leaders
Cultural Attitudes About the Political Participation of Women
-Little polls of social attitudes before and after 1920, but views of political women very negative
-1937: 27% men, 40% women would voted for qualified woman for president
-1946: 88% of people voted mayor should nearly always be a man
-Some areas good for women, head of Red Cross or PTA
-Over 40% of people in 1955, 1963, and 1969 would not vote for a woman president
Impact of Wmn's Rights Mvemnt of Political Rights + Participation
-Political support increase after 1960s, gets more publicized
-1967, 51% wmn college grads support wmn pres, 1975, 88%
-Sandra Day O'Connor appointed to Supreme Court, 1981, supported by 87% of wmn, 84% of men
-Voters turned to more candidates after scandals and Anita Hill trial.
-2000: 93% wmn, 91% men vote for wmn if she was nominated by their party
Continuing Cultural Barriers
-25% of people agree "Most men are better suited emotionally for politics"
-Believe that male president would perform better then a female pres
-preparedness to go to war, ability to lead nation, ability to make difficult decisions, men all higher
-sexes equal in intelligence and ability to compromise
-women more honest, trustworthy, and better understand normal people.
-believe women don't have mental or emotional toughness to succeed in politics.
Political Socialization
-Girls traditionally not socialized to take an active role in politics and less interested in politics
-girls nationwide own an average of eight Barbies
-women most interested in running for office have parents who vote in every election and believe they can make a difference in solving problems.
-Birth of woman's first child is critical in when gender stereotypes come into play
Political Resources
-women less likely to have money or professional involvement necessary for some forms of political involvement
Citizen Duty
-1923: more then 10% believed wrong for women to vote, women shouldn't butt into men's work
-1980: women recorded slightly higher levels of citizen duty than men.
Psychological Involvement in Politics
-Women have lower "psychological involvement" in politics
-33% of wmn nonvoters in Chicago have "no interest in politics"
-2000: 36% men + 25% wmn said very interested in politics
-1964: no difference in interest in presidential candidates
-Men know moer about politics then women.
Political Efficacy
-Individual's beliefe that he or she can influence governemntal decision making
-Lack of self-confidence about political matters, 64% women think politics is too difficult for them
Other Resources
-Wmn earn less money then men/contribute less to family income.
-2000 survey women identify work schedules/inadequate child care as obstacles to politics
Sex Discrimination: The Hidden Barrier
-Few men willing to admit they discriminate
-cultural stereotypes about abilities/appropriate position of wmn in politics
-selt-interest in male-voters and politicians reluctant to share power with women
-women of color more dicrimination then men of color
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